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The bipolar transistor was invented in 1947. From 1955 onward transistors replaced vacuum tu*es in computer designs, giving rise to the “second generation” of computers. Compared to vacuum tu*es, transistors have many advantages: they are smaller, and require less The first commercial computer was the Ferranti Mark 1, built by Ferranti and delivered to the University of Manchester in February 1951. It was based on the Manchester Mark 1. The main improvements over the Manchester Mark 1 were in the size of the primary storage The history of computing hardware covers the developments from early simple devices to aid calculation to modern day computers. Before the 20th century, most calculations were done by humans. Early mechanical tools to help humans with digital calculations, like the abacus, were The first mobile computers were heavy and ran from mains power. The 50lb IBM 5100 was an early example. Later portables such as the Osborne 1 and Compaq Portable were considerably lighter but still needed to be plugged in. The first laptops, such as the Grid Compas*, Concept of modern computer: The principle of the modern computer was proposed by Alan Turing in his seminal 1936 paper, On Computable Numbers. Turing proposed a simple device that he called “Universal Computing machine” and that is now known as a universal Turing During the first half of the 20th century, many scientific computing needs were met by increasingly sophisticated an*log computers, which used a direct mechanical or electrical model of the problem as a basis for computation. However, these were not programmable and generally First computing device: Charles Babbage, an English mechanical engineer and polymath, originated the concept of a programmable computer. Considered the “father of the computer”, he conceptualized and invented the first mechanical computer in the early 19th century. After working on his revolutionary difference engine, designed to aid in navigational calculations, in 1833 he realized that