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NAT basics, also known as network address translation is an important part of the CCENT and CCNA certification exams. When NAT is implemented it allows a router to translate the source IPv4 address in the packet header as it crosses the router, changing the source address in the packet from one address to another. This allows the sending computer’s message to appear as if it is coming from another computer’s address. When you masquerade the origin of a computer’s IPv4 address on a network it is known as a NAT firewall. Network address translation is a primary reason that IPv4 addressing has survived and is still in use today. The creation of NAT along with private IPv4 address ranges like 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255, 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255, and 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 has allowed for the conservation of publicly routable IPv4 addresses. One of the results of NAT’s ability translate public addresses at the router to private IPv4 addresses is that the advent of IPv6 addressing has essentially been delayed. For the CCENT and the CCNA certifications you need to know how NAT works and how to configure it on a Cisco router. In the following Packet Tracer exercise and accompanying video tutorials, I demonstrate four different ways of configuring NAT. Multiarea OSPF is used in large or enterprise networks where there are so many routers that having every router communicating every link in their link state database with every other router in the network, even when it is a small change becomes taxing on the network. In this type of situation you don’t need every router, lets say there are 30 or more routers, running the shortest path first algorithm if an The solution is to use multi-area OSPF instead of single area OSPF where every network is in Area 0. In multiarea OSPF you still have to have a backbone area named Area 0 but you can add additional networks in other areas. The result is that routers will only share their entire link state databases with routers in there own area and other areas will be configured to receive only summary information from the