Germainhugo.com Website Review

Col-0 roots stained with the lipophilic dye FM4-64. The circles visible in green are vesicles. One of the things I found most fascinating when I studied biology as an undergradraduate student was our immune system. More precisely the process by which we make specific antibodies that can recognize a seemingly endless number of epitopes. This system seemed so perfect that I did not imagine how an organism could survive without it. It turns out that plants do not have antibodies to defend themselves. This is most remarkable since plants are sessile organisms and therefore cannot escape from pathogens or adverse conditions and yet, many plants can outlive humans, and must therefore fight pathogens as we do. To most people plants may seem less complex than human but they have developed a very powerful, efficient and complex immune system that we are just starting to understand. In addition to physical barriers plants possess two molecular lines of defense. The first is mediated by pathogen recognition receptors (PRR), which are cell surface receptor that recognize pathogen-as*ociated molecular pattern (PAMP) which are common between several pathogens. Once activated, the receptor triggers a low intensity defense response, named PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). In most case this is sufficient to thwart the pathogen attack. However, pathogen possess an array of virulence factors that specifically target the PRR, downstream components of the PTI and will hijack cellualr processes. If the pathogen  successfully suppress PTI then it may win the fight and colonize the plant. These virulence factor (or effectors) are fascinating, they must hijack the host cell to get vital nutrient while dimming the immune response to prevent the pathogen from being detected. But the plant still has a last defense line: Resistance protein (R). These plant proteins can recognize virulence factors (or their effect) and trigger a very powerful response that includes the activation of MAP kinases, the discharge of