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Japanese has two unique phonetic systems called Hiragana and Katakana. Hiragana is the most commonly used in the Japanese language so you should start there. Although Hiragana and Katakana look very different from Roman characters, their function is the same. Try to memorize Hiragana right away and start using it instead of English characters (Romaji) as soon as possible. With the exception of copular nouns, Japanese nouns are straight forward and easy to learn. They have no gender, no case and aside from a few exceptions they exhibit no distinction between singular and plural. Copular nouns too have no gender, case or distinction between singular and plural, however their double role as nouns and adjectives can be confusing for students of Japanese. This section includes Particles of speech are the glue that holds a sentence together. A good understanding of them is essential to coherent speech and mastery of even a handful of particles will aid you immensely as you attempt to form your first sentences and tinker with Japanese grammar. Japanese particles are non-conjunctive and always follow the words or phrases they modify. Most are multifunctional. This is a list of description. The English equivalent would be the verb to be as in the sentence, The ball is round. This is perhaps the most frequently used verb in any language, therefore it is the first introduced. Take care not to confuse it with aru and iru. A difficulty that many beginner students of Japanese face is distinguishing the difference between to be meaning to be equal to, and to be meaning to exist. While the English language uses the same verb to convey both meanings, the Japanese language uses different verbs for these two very different concepts. It further distinguishes between inanimate and animate subjects by using the two Japanese adjectives can be divided into two types, -i adjectives and -na adjectives. -i adjectives are actually a special clas* of verb, Beginner students should focus on distinguishing between the two types and memorizing the conjugations for both types.